Sweden possessed overseas colonies from 1638 to 1663, in 1733 and from 1784 to 1878. Sweden possessed five colonies, four of which were short lived. The colonies spanned three continents: Africa, Asia and North America.
The Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) provides space subsystems, space and satellite operations, rocket and balloon systems including experiment equipment, launch services, aerospace engineering services as well as airborne maritime surveillance systems.Through its wholly owned subsidiaries ECAPS and NanoSpace, the SSC is also engaged in the development. Luxembourg has the highest percentage of designated nature space in Europe – 76% of land is protected!Slovenia (72%) and Malta (65%) have the second and third largest protected terrestrial areasBosnia and Herzegovina place as the. Top Packaging Companies in the World 2020 Amcor. Amcor is a global leader in responsible global packaging solutions, supplying a broad range of rigid and flexible packaging products to the food, beverage, healthcare, home, personal care, and tobacco packaging industries. World-renowned innovation and customer service have seen Amcor expand from.
Svenska kolonier (Swedish) | |
|---|---|
| 1638–1663 1733 1784–1878 | |
Anthem: Kungssången 'Song of the king' | |
Map of the Swedish Empire with all of the territories that it possessed at different time periods shown together. Indian colony of Parangipettai is not shown on this map. | |
| Capital | Stockholm |
| Common languages | Official language: Swedish Regional languages: Norwegian, Finnish, Estonian, Russian, German |
| Religion | Church of Sweden |
| Government | Absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy |
| History | |
| 1638 | |
• Disestablished | 1878 |
| Population | |
| 2,200,000 | |
| Currency | Riksdaler |
| ISO 3166 code | SE |
| Today part of | Sweden, Finland,Guadeloupe,Trinidad and Tobago,Ghana,Togo,Estonia,Norway,Latvia, Germany, |
List[edit]
The former Swedish colonies in Africa were:
- Swedish Gold Coast (1650–1663; lost to Denmark and the Dutch) Including the Cape Coast (1649–1663) consisting of the following settlements:
- Fort Apollonia, presently Beyin: 1655–1657.
- Fort Christiansborg/Fort Frederiksborg, which became the capital, presently Osu: 1652–1658
- Fort Batenstein, presently Butri: 1649–1656.
- Fort Witsen, presently Takoradi: 1653–1658.
- Carolusborg: April 1650 – January/February 1658, 10 December 1660 – 22 April 1663
The former Swedish colonies in America:
- New Sweden (1638–1655; lost to the Dutch)
- Saint-Barthélemy (1784–1878; sold to France)
- Guadeloupe (1813–1814; returned to France)
The former Swedish colonies in Asia were:
- Parangipettai (1733; lost to France and Great Britain)
Americas[edit]
New Sweden[edit]
By the middle of the 17th century, the Swedish Empire had reached its greatest territorial extent. The Swedes sought to extend their influence by creating an agricultural (tobacco) and fur trading colony to bypass French, British and Dutch merchants. The charter included Swedish, Dutch and German stockholders. Once they landed they established Fort Christina (now Wilmington, Delaware), named after Queen Christina of Sweden. Many of the settlers were Finnish, since until 1809 the area of modern Finland was the eastern third of the kingdom of Sweden.
The settlement was actually an invasion of New Netherland since it was Dutch territory. The founder and first governor, Peter Minuit, had been Director-General of New Netherland from 1626 to 1633. Disgruntled after being dismissed from his post, he led a Swedish expedition to a location which he knew to be strategic as well as a thorn in the side of his former employers. Minuit died on a return trip from Stockholm in a hurricane near the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts. The colony would establish Fort Nya Elfsborg north of present-day Salem, New Jersey in 1643.
In May 1654 the Dutch Fort Casimir, located in present-day New Castle, Delaware was captured by New Sweden. As a reprisal, the Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant sent an army to the Delaware River, which obtained the surrender of the Swedish forts.
Antillian possessions[edit]
Saint Barthélemy is the only Caribbean island to have been historically a Swedish colony for any significant length of time, Guadeloupe only having been one briefly, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
As a result of Sweden's support of France's enemies during the Napoleonic Wars, the island of Guadeloupe was ceded to king Charles XIV John personally, not to his Swedish state. However a year later the island was given to France by the Treaty of Paris. Sweden then forced a settlement with Great Britain because it had been guaranteed the island which was strategically close to its other Caribbean colony. This led to the Guadeloupe Fund which guaranteed Sweden 24 million francs. Because of how the money was used, Sweden was then given an additional 300,000 Riksdaler under the Riksdag of 1815 every year. The last installment was paid in 1983.
Sweden Euro 2020 Kitsempty Spaces The Blog Free
In addition to these the Swedes briefly attempted to settle Tobago in 1733, but were driven away by native tribes, and Tobago was eventually claimed by the British.[citation needed]
Africa[edit]
Sweden temporarily controlled several settlements on the Gold Coast (present Ghana) since 22 April 1650, but lost the last when on 20 April 1663 Fort Carlsborg and the capital Fort Christiansborg were seized by Denmark.
Cape Coast[edit]
In 1652, the Swedes took Cape Coast (in modern Ghana) which had previously been under the control of the Dutch and before that the Portuguese. Cape Coast was centered on the Carolusburg Castle which was built in 1653 and named after King Charles X Gustav of Sweden but is now known as the Cape Coast Castle.
Atlantic slave trade[edit]
During this time, the small Swedish slave trade began. However, after the fall of New Sweden to the Dutch, the slave trade ended. It would later be rejuvenated in 1784, when Sweden's monarch, Gustav III, began negotiations with France with a view to creating a new alliance between the two countries. Gustav offered Gothenburg as an entrepôt to the French, in exchange for the Caribbean colony of Saint Barthélemy, in addition to subsidies. Although Sweden was successful in acquiring the island in 1784, the population of the colony was less than 1000 people, and neither were particularly propitious trading ports—sugar and cotton only provided four shiploads a year, and many of the other resources were only produced in large enough quantities to provide subsistence for the inhabitants.[1]
However, the islands were close to the British and French trading posts of the Leeward and Windward islands. A new town was also constructed, Gustavia (named after the king), and this facilitated trade. Within a year, the population had doubled and the king saw fit to form the Swedish West India Company. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) benefitted trade, as did the opening of free trade with Sweden in 1806; the population had continued to increase, reaching approximately 5000 by 1800. Discounting a brief period of British occupation from 1801 to 1802, the colonies continued to thrive. In 1811, 1800 ships visited Saint Barthélemy; and from October 1813 to September 1814, 20% of the U.S.'s exports passed through the island.[1]
The island was notable for its liberalism, particularly in regards to religious toleration. In Sweden, Lutheranism was strictly adhered to; people were obligated to attend a number of church services a year, and adherence to other religions or denominations was against the law (conversion to Catholicism, for example, often led to people being exiled). However, these two islands were inhabited by such a diverse group of people from European backgrounds, that French and English were also accepted official languages. On Saint Barthélemy, in 1787, only 21 Lutherans resided there, compared to over 500 Catholics, as well as several hundred people from different Protestant denominations. The government did not seek to suppress this: indeed, they ordered Saint Barthélemy's governor, Rosenstein, to salary a Catholic priest to come from Saint Martin twice a month.[1]
India[edit]
The Swedish East India Company did not establish any permanent colonies in India, but they briefly possessed a factory in Porto Novo (today Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu). The fort was destroyed a month after its construction by French and British forces.[2]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcKent, Neil (2008-06-12). A Concise History of Sweden. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–138. ISBN0-521-01227-9.
- ^Lindqvist, Herman. Våra kolonier : de vi hade och de som aldrig blev av. Sweden: Albert Bonniers förlag. pp. 170–172. ISBN9789174333077.
Sources[edit]
External links[edit]
Media related to Swedish colonial empire at Wikimedia Commons
Sweden Euro 2020 Kitsempty Spaces The Blog 2017
- Mémoire St Barth | History of St Barthélemy (archives & history of slavery, slave trade and their abolition)[permanent dead link] – Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques
Coordinates: 59°56′N30°20′E / 59.933°N 30.333°E
Studying in Sweden does not have to be expensive: If you look in the right places you will find that studying abroad could be very easy, and in some cases even free of charge! Unfortunately, not every student can study for free in Sweden, but in this article you will find out if it is possible for you to study for free, or what the tuition fees may be.
Who can study in Sweden for free?
If you have a passport from a country of the EU/EEA or Switzerland, you are eligible to study in Sweden for free! If you are a passport holder from any other country, unfortunately the cost is a bit higher: The Swedish government introduced tuition fees for students from outside the EU/EEA and Switzerland, starting in the autumn semester 2011. That made Sweden one of the more expensive European destinations for international students. Today, tuition costs range from 80,000 SEK (around 8,000 euros) a year to 190,000 SEK (around 19,000 euros) a year based on the program in which you are studying, and the university that you wish to attend. Bachelor programs are generally a much lower cost than the average master’s program. Although this may be an expensive choice to some, students that choose to come to Sweden to study will obtain a high class education which will open up doors worldwide for exciting career opportunities upon graduation.
How can I receive a scholarship to study in Sweden?
There are many different ways that students can obtain a scholarship to study in Sweden. The opportunity to study in Sweden may be right in front of you with multiple scholarship opportunities. The Swedish Institute (SI) lists a large variety of scholarships that are available based on the subject you wish to study as well as your nationality.
Can I study in Sweden for free if I am from Asia, Africa or elsewhere outside Europe?
Yes, you can! Although you will likely have to pay tuition fees for full degree programs, there is a way to avoid the tuition fees: If you are enrolled in a school that is a partner university to universities in Sweden, you can take part in their study abroad exchange programs. For example, Lund University has more than 600 partner universities in 70 countries worldwide. If you are studying at a university already, and wish to study in Sweden, check with the internationals office at your university!
How expensive is it to live in Sweden?
The cost of living in Sweden varies based on where you are living. If you are studying at one of the schools in the country’s capital, Stockholm, you should be prepared to pay much more than if you are studying in a smaller city like Borås. Around the country, the monthly expenses are on average about 8,000 SEK (800 euros). The hardest part of studying in one of the big cities is finding housing. In some of the bigger cities, there are not enough student housing options; however, there are websites available in which people are willing to open their homes and apartments to share with other students within the same city. Finding these opportunities is very important if you wish to save money while studying at a university in Sweden. When applying for a Bachelors or Masters programme in Sweden, you will need to prove to the migration authorities that you will be able to successfully finance yourself during the time that you will be living in the country.
How easy is it to communicate with the locals?
Children in Sweden begin learning English at a very young age, in some cities as young as 7 years old. And all foreign movies and shows are shown in their original language with Swedish subtitles, meaning that Swedes get exposure to English every day. Due to this, almost everyone that you encounter will be able to speak English. However, if you wish to fully engage in the society, it is recommended that you take Swedish courses while studying if possible. You can study in these courses for free if you have obtained residency for the duration of your studies.
If you wish to study in Sweden, you should do your research first, start saving, and begin the hunt for an apartment as soon as you have the approval to relocate!
About the author:
Kenzee Haapasaari has a bachelors degree in English and a masters degree in Education. While studying she found a passion for writing, education, and travelling. Upon graduating from university in 2015 she relocated from a small town in Kentucky to Stockholm, Sweden, where she is currently based.